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20020201
The Ministry of Finance
Accounting System of the People’s Republic of China for Enterprises with Foreign Investment
the Ministry of Finance
June 24,1992
Chapter I General Provisions
Article 1
These System are formulated in accordance with the laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China concerning enterprises with
foreign investment with a view to strengthening the accounting functions of enterprises with foreign investment and to protect the
legal rights of these enterprises and their investors.
Article 2
These System shall apply to enterprises with foreign investment established in the People’s Republic of China which include Chinese-foreign
equity joint ventures, Chinese-foreign contractual joint ventures and wholly foreign owned enterprises.
Article 3
The Ministry of Finance shall be responsible for the administration of the accounting affairs relating to enterprises with foreign
investment throughout the People’s Republic of China.
The finance department and bureau of each province, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government and
the responsible authorities under the State Council shall administer the accounting affairs relating to enterprises with foreign
investment in its own region or under its administration and may, in accordance with the System and the practical circumstances,
formulate supplementary provisions, copies of which shall be filed with the Ministry of Finance for reference.
Enterprises with foreign investment shall formulate their own accounting systems, based on the System and related supplementary provisions,
to suit their own practical circumstances. The manuals on these accounting systems shall be filed with the responsible finance bureau,
local tax authorities and other relevant supervisory authorities.
Chapter II Accounting Practices and Principles
Article 4
Accounting practices of enterprises with foreign investment shall conform with the relevant laws and regulations of the People’s Republic
of China and with the provisions of the System.
Article 5
Enterprises with foreign investment shall account for their transactions in distinct accounting periods (month, quarter and year).
The accounting year of enterprises with foreign investments shall coincide with the calendar year, i.e. from January 1 to December
31 on the Gregorian calendar.
Article 6
Enterprises with foreign investment shall only account for business transactions which have actually taken place, and shall ensure
that the accounting books are accurate, complete, prepared up to date, and shall also ensure that correct methods and appropriate
procedures have been applied.
Article 7
Enterprises with foreign investment shall maintain their accounting books using the accrual method. Income earned and expenses incurred
during the period shall be accounted for as income and expenses of the period, regardless of whether the amount has been received
or paid during the period.
Income and expenses not earned and incurred during the period shall not be accounted for as income and expenses of the period, even
if the amount has been received or paid during the period.
Article 8
Enterprises with foreign investment shall match their income with the related expenses. Income earned during an accounting period
shall be taken into the accounts of the same accounting period together with the related costs and expenses.
Article 9
Assets of enterprises with foreign investment shall be accounted for at historical cost. Unless otherwise authorized, enterprises
may not adjust the carrying value of their assets at their own discretion.
Article 10
Enterprises with foreign investment shall distinguish capital expenditure from revenue expenditure. Expenditure shall be regarded
as capital expenditure where the benefits to the enterprise last for more than one (not including one) accounting year and as revenue
expenditure where the benefits to the enterprise last for only one accounting year.
Article 11
Accounting methods adopted by enterprises with foreign investment shall be consistent within each accounting period and from one period
to the next and shall not be changed at will. Where changes are necessary, such changes shall generally be introduced at the beginning
of a new accounting year and shall be disclosed in the notes to the accounts of that accounting year.
Chapter III Book Keeping and Accounting Books
Article 12
Enterprises with foreign investment shall adopt the double entry accounting method.
Article 13
Enterprises with foreign investment may maintain their accounts in Renminbi or a foreign currency (generally, the foreign currency
shall be one for which the exchange rate is quoted by the State Administration of Exchange Control. The same definition applies wherever
reference is made to foreign currency). This reporting currency shall not be changed at will once it is adopted. Where changes are
necessary, approval shall be obtained from the responsible finance bureau or other relevant supervisory authorities under the State
Council. Such changes shall be introduced at the beginning of a new accounting year and disclosed in the notes to the accounts of
that accounting year.
Enterprises engaged in multi-currency financing or finance leasing may maintain their accounts in Renminbi as well as other related
foreign currencies according to their actual requirements.
Article 14
Accounts of enterprises with foreign investment shall be kept in Chinese or in both Chinese and another foreign language.
Article 15
Enterprises with foreign investment shall obtain the original supporting document or prepare a primary voucher whenever there is a
business transaction. All original documents and primary vouchers must be true, complete and accurate, and shall be obtained or prepared
through proper procedures. The original documents and primary vouchers shall be used as accounting vouchers only after they have
been verified as correct.
Article 16
Enterprises with foreign investment shall keep three major accounting books namely the journal ledger, general ledger and sub-ledgers
together with all other necessary supporting books.
All accounting books shall be kept based on the primary vouchers, accounting vouchers or voucher summaries which have been verified
as correct. All entries to the accounting books must be made on a timely basis, and must be complete, accurate and denoted with clear
particulars.
Corrections to any of the accounting books must be made strictly following the working rules for accounting personnel.
Article 17
In the case of Chinese-foreign co-operative joint ventures where parties to the joint ventures pay their taxes separately, combined
accounting books shall be kept in accordance with the provisions set out in Article 16 of the System in respect of assets and liabilities
and income and expenses commonly shared and borne by the parties. The parties shall also keep relevant books of their own.
Article 18
Where enterprises with foreign investment use computers in maintaining their accounting books, the software used shall conform with
the requirements provided in the System and possess functions for ensuring security and confidentiality.
Data stored in magnetic or other media shall be supported by back-up files and hard copies of the data shall be printed on a regular
basis.
Chapter IV Current Assets
Article 19
Current assets of enterprises with foreign investment shall include cash on hand, cash in bank, marketable securities, receivables,
prepayments and inventory.
Cash on hand, cash in bank and marketable securities shall be accounted for separately; receivables shall be accounted for separately
where appropriate as bills receivable, accounts receivable, short term loans receivable and other receivables; prepayments shall
be accounted for separately where appropriate as deposits to suppliers (trade deposits), income tax prepaid and expenses prepaid;
inventory shall be accounted for separately where appropriate as merchandise, raw materials, work-in-progress, semi-finished goods,
finished goods, containers and low-value consumables.
Amounts receivable after one year from the balance sheet date shall be separately disclosed below the long term investment category
in the balance sheet.
Article 20
Enterprises with foreign investment shall keep a journal for cash on hand and cash in bank and shall record each transaction on a
daily basis. Where the accounting books are maintained in multi-currencies (including foreign exchange certificates. The same definition
applies wherever reference is made to multi-currencies), different journals shall be kept for each currency.
Article 21
Marketable securities include inventory and debentures to be realized within one year from the balance sheet date and shall be accounted
for at cost. Where the cost includes an element of dividend declared or interest accrued, that portion relating to the dividend and
interest shall be accounted for as a temporary payment and disclosed under other receivables.
Dividend and interest income received or receivable from marketable securities; and profit or loss arising from disposal or liquidation
of marketable securities shall be accounted for as non-operating income or expenses being profit or loss on investments.
Article 22
Receivables and prepayments shall be separately accounted for in their originating currency.
Enterprises may make a general provision for bad debts at the end of the accounting year. The general provision should not exceed
3 % of the total receivables, such as accounts and bills receivable or loans, outstanding at the end of the accounting year.
Provision for bad debts shall be accounted for separately and stated in the balance sheet as a deduction from receivables or loans.
Where the amount of provision to be provided at the accounting year end exceeds the amount of provision already made in the accounts,
the difference shall be made up by making an additional provision in the accounts; where it is below the amount already provided
for, the balance of the provision should be adjusted downward accordingly.
Enterprises with foreign investment shall charge losses arising from bad debts to general and administrative expenses. For enterprises
which have made a provision for bad debts, any amount of bad debt to be written off shall be charged against the provision for bad
debts. Any subsequent recoveries of bad debts written off shall be credited to the provision for bad debts or general and administrative
expenses.
The write-off of bad debts shall be dealt with in accordance with relevant regulations in the People’s Republic of China.
Article 23
Inventory shall be accounted for at historical cost.
The historical cost of inventory purchased includes the purchase consideration, transportation, loading and unloading expenses, insurance,
reasonable loss incurred in transit, preparatory expenses incurred before warehousing and taxes payable. For trading and service
enterprises, the historical cost of commodities purchased includes purchase consideration and taxes payable.
The historical cost of materials manufactured, produced or excavated by the enterprise itself shall be the actual costs incurred in
the process of manufacturing, production and excavation of these materials.
The historical cost of inventory processed by third party subcontractors includes costs of raw materials or semi-finished goods actually
used together with processing charges, transportation, loading and unloading expenses, insurance and taxes payable. For trading and
service enterprises, the historical cost of commodities processed by third parties includes the cost of unprocessed materials, processing
charges and taxes payable.
The historical cost of inventory donated to the enterprise includes the price of the inventory determined based on the provisions
set out in the second paragraph of Article 49 of the System together with transportation, loading and unloading expenses, insurance
and taxes payable borne by the enterprise.
Inventory gains shall be accounted for at original historical cost or at the historical cost or at the historical cost of similar
inventory.
Where inventory is accounted for at the planned cost (or standard cost. The same definition applies wherever reference is made to
planned cost), any difference between the planned cost and historical cost shall be accounted for separately.
Article 24
Inventory shall be accounted for using the perpetual inventory method.
Merchandise, raw materials, semi-finished goods and finished-products shall be accounted for at historical cost; the historical cost
can be determined using the first-in-first-out, weighted average, moving average, last-in-first-out or batch methods. Where the planned
cost is used, the difference in cost in each period shall be taken up to adjust the budget cost of inventory acquired or delivered
to historical cost.
Low-value consumables and containers for repetitive use may be expended entirely upon incurring or amortized over two years or by
installments. Low-value consumable acquired in large quantities on commencement of business may be accounted for as other assets.
Article 25
Inventory counts shall be conducted on a regular basis but not less than once every year. Differences between the results of inventory
counts and book records shall be adjusted for as soon as possible after the reasons for such differences are identified. The adjustment
shall normally be made before the finalisation of accounts for the accounting year in which the inventory count is conducted.
Gains on inventory shall generally be used to offset relevant expenses. Losses on inventory or damages shall be charged to relevant
expenses after taking into account and compensation from person(s) causing such losses or damage or from insurance companies and
the scrap value of the inventory. Net losses as a result of extraordinary causes shall be accounted for as non-operating expenses.
At the accounting year end, where defects in or obsolescence of the merchandise, finished goods or semi-finished goods available for
sale to third parties have caused the net realizable value of the merchandise and products to be less than their book costs, such
loss may be charged to the selling expenses of the accounting year after approval is obtained from the responsible finance bureau
or other relevant supervisory authorities under the State Council. Such loss may also be charged to a provision for losses that may
arise on sale of the inventory and stated as a deduction from inventory in the balance sheet. On actual sale of inventory for which
the provision has been made, any over-provision shall be used to write down the selling expenses. Net realizable value shall be determined
based on the expected sales proceeds less any necessary processing or maintenance charges.
Chapter V Long Term Investments
Article 26
Long term investments of enterprises with foreign investment represent capital injected into other enterprises for a period of more
than one year and include cash on hand, tangible and intangible assets and shares and debentures not expected to be realized within
one year from the balance sheet date. Long term investments shall be accounted for separately and separately disclosed in the balance
sheet.
Any portion of long term investments to be realized or recoverable within one year from the balance sheet date shall be separately
disclosed under current assets in the balance sheet.
Investments in other enterprises shall be accounted for based on actual payments or based on the cost of materials or intangible assets
contributed as agreed in the investment contracts or agreements.
Investments in shares shall be accounted for based on actual payments or based on the cost of materials or intangible assets contributed
as agreed in the investment contracts or agreements including expenses related to the transactions. Where the actual payments include
dividends declared by the investing company, that portion of the dividend shall be accounted for as a temporary payment and disclosed
under other receivables in the books of the investing company.
Investments in debentures shall be accounted for based on actual payments. Where the actual payments include interest accrued, that
portion of the interest shall be accounted for as a temporary payment and disclosed under other receivables.
Where debentures are acquired at a premium or discount, the difference between the cost and the face value of the debentures shall
be amortized by installments using the straight line method or effective interest rate method over the period to maturity of the
debentures in order to adjust the interest income and the book value of the long term investments.
Any difference between the appraised values of tangible or intangible assets contributed and their book values shall be treated as
deferred investment profits or losses which shall be accounted for as non-operating income or expenses over the investment period
by equal annual installments. The balance of deferred investment profits or losses as at the accounting year end shall be separately
disclosed under other assets or other liabilities in the balance sheet.
Article 27
The cost method shall generally be used in accounting for investments in other enterprises and shares. The equity method may also
be used where an enterprise’s investment exceeds 25% of the total capital or total share capital of the invested enterprise and significance
influence can be exercised over its management.
Dividend and interest income received or receivable from long term investments; profit or loss on liquidation or assignment of long
term investments and, in the case of enterprises which equity account for long term investments, the changes in book value of long
term investments arising from any changes in the interest in the invested enterprise shall be treated as investment gains or losses
and accounted for as non-operating income or expenses.
Article 28
Funds to branches which keep their own accounts but do not pay their taxes individually shall be accounted for as funds to branches
and separately disclosed under long term investments in the balance sheet.
Funds to branches shall be accounted for at the book value of the cash, tangible or intangible assets actually contributed.
Chapter VI Fixed Assets and Work in Progress
Article 29
Fixed assets of enterprises with foreign investment shall be accounted for separately and separately disclosed in the balance sheet.
Assets under finance leases shall be accounted for separately until ownership is transferred. Assets under operating leases shall
be recorded in supporting memorandum books and shall be disclosed in the notes to the accounts.
Article 30
Fixed assets shall be accounted for at cost.
The cost of fixed assets contributed by the investors represents the amount stated in contracts, agreements, the enterprise’s application
document for incorporation or the statement of examination and receipt of fixed assets contributed including transportation, loading
and unloading expenses, insurance and taxes payable borne by the enterprise.
The cost of fixed assets purchased represents the purchase consideration including transportation, loading and unloading expenses,
insurance and taxes payable.
Cost of fixed assets manufactured and constructed by the enterprise itself represents actual expenses incurred in the manufacturing
and construction process.
The cost of fixed assets under finance leases represents the purchase consideration stated in the contracts including transportation,
loading and unloading expenses, insurance and taxes payable borne by the enterprise. Where the purchase consideration stated in the
contracts includes interest and handling charges, that portion of the interest and handling charges shall be deducted from the cost.
Such interest and handling charges need not be accounted for separately if the value of the fixed assets under finance leases is
not substantial and the term of the lease is not long.
The cost of fixed assets donated to the enterprise represents the price of the fixed assets determined based on the provisions set
out in the second paragraph of Article 49 of the System, including transportation, loading and unloading expenses, insurance and
taxes payable borne by the enterprise. For used assets, the rate of depreciation shall be estimated according to the condition of
these assets.
Surplus of fixed assets on physical counts shall be determined by the replacement cost of such assets and their rates of depreciation
shall be estimated according to the condition of these assets.
Expenses incurred in modifying fixed assets for the purpose of expansion, replacement, renovation or technological improvement may
be included under the cost of fixed assets.
Cost shall also include installation costs, if any, of the fixed assets.
Article 31
Fixed assets shall generally be depreciated using the straight line method. The production or service output method may also be used
where the straight line method is not appropriate.
Depreciation of fixed assets shall generally be determined based on the cost of fixed assets and the depreciation rate set for each
category of fixed assets. Depreciation rates may also be applied on an individual asset basis where the depreciation rate by category
is not appropriate. The rates of depreciation of fixed assets shall be determined based on their cost, estimated residual values,
which shall generally be not less than 10% of their cost, and their expected useful lives.
Accelerated depreciation shall generally be calculated using only the double reducing balance method or sum-of-digits method.
Fixed assets shall be depreciated on a monthly basis from the month following that in which the assets are used in operation. For
fixed assets which are no longer used in operation, provision for depreciation on such assets shall cease to be made from the month
following that in which the assets cease to be used. Fixed assets may continue to be used after they have been fully depreciated
during which time no further depreciation shall be required. Provision for depreciation shall also cease to be made for fixed assets
damaged before the end of their expected useful lives.
Where the cost of fixed assets is adjusted for the purpose of expansion, replacement, renovation or technological improvement, depreciation
shall be calculated after taking into account the adjusted cost, accumulated depreciation already provided, estimated residual values
and the remaining useful lives. Fixed assets used in construction work during the set-up period of the enterprise may be depreciated
in full on completion of work or be equal installments over the period of construction and the depreciation charge shall be included
in the cost of construction. In respect of fixed assets used during the set-up period but not directly related to the construction
work, the depreciation charge shall be included in pre-operating expenses. Assets under finance and operating leases shall also be
depreciated. Fixed assets, other than buildings, idle for a long period shall not be depreciated.
Accumulated depreciation shall be accounted for separately and separately disclosed as a deduction under fixed assets in the balance
sheet. Accumulated depreciation for fixed assets under finance leases shall be accounted for separately.
Article 32
A physical count of fixed assets shall be made on a regular basis, at least once every year. Differences between the physical count
results and book records shall be adjusted for as soon as possible after the reasons for such differences are identified. The adjustment
shall normally be made before the finalisation of accounts for the accounting year in which the physical count of assets is conducted.
Any surplus of fixed assets identified on physical counts shall be accounted for as operating income at an amount equal to their
cost less accumulated depreciation while losses shall be accounted for as operating expenses at an amount equal to their cost less
accumulated depreciation and any compensation from person(s) causing such losses or from insurance companies. Surplus and shortage
of fixed assets on physical counts during the construction period shall be included in the related construction cost.
Net profit or losses on disposals of fixed assets arising from sale, obsolescence or damage shall be accounted for as non-operating
income or expenses. Net profit or losses on the disposal of fixed assets arising during the period of construction shall be accounted
for as part of the construction cost.
During the set-up period of the enterprise, surplus or shortage of fixed assets on physical counts or on disposals not directly related
to any construction work, and profits or losses on disposals of fixed assets as a result of extraordinary causes shall be accounted
for as pre-operating expenses.
Article 33
Construction in progress of enterprises with foreign investment shall include preparation work before commencement of the construction,
work under construction, and construction and installation work completed but not yet used in operation. Construction in progress
shall be accounted for separately and separately disclosed in the balance sheet.
Where the period of construction exceeds one year, and construction items are numerous and construction cost is substantial, construction
items may be accounted for separately. Construction in progress shall be accounted for on the following basis:
materials used in construction — provisions out in Article 23 of the System;
equipment to be installed — provisions set out in Article 30 of the System;
payment on account to contractors — the actual amount paid;
management expenses of the construction work — the actual management expenses incurred;
construction work undertaken by the enterprise itself — the direct materials, direct labour, direct mechanical work expenses and
attributable management expenses;
construction work undertaken by third party subcontractors — the amount paid to subcontractors and attributable management expenses;
installation of equipment — the cost of equipment including installation charges, trial run expenses and attributable management
expenses.
Equipment acquired or invested during the set-up period of the enterprise but not yet installed may also be accounted for as construction
in progress.
Article 34
Where there is spoilage or damage to the construction in progress, net losses resulting shall generally be accounted for as part of
the cost of construction in progress after deduction of the residual value and compensation from person(s) causing such losses or
from insurance companies. Net losses arising from spoilage or damage as a result of extraordinary causes shall be accounted for as
pre-operating expenses if the construction is undertaken during the set-up period and accounted for as non-operating expenses if
the asset has already been used in operation.
Net expenses arising from trial runs before the asset is used in operation shall be accounted for as part of the cost of construction
in progress. Where products produced during trial runs can be sold to third parties, the actual or estimated sale proceeds shall
be deducted from the cost of construction in progress.
Article 35
When the construction of an asset is completed and it is used in operation but the total cost of the asset is yet to be determined,
the asset shall be transferred to fixed assets at the estimated value based on the budgeted price or cost of the work, and shall
be depreciated according to the provisions set out in Article 31 of the System. The estimated value of the asset and its accumulated
depreciation shall be adjusted for after the actual cost of the asset is ascertained.
Chapter VII Intangible and Other Assets
Article 36
Intangible assets of enterprises with foreign investment include patents, proprietary technology, patents and trademarks, land occupancy
rights and other intangible assets, and shall be accounted for separately and separately disclosed in the balance sheet.
Intangible assets contributed by the investors shall be accounted for at the amount specified in the contracts, agreements or the
enterprise’s application document for incorporation including related expenses borne by the enterprise.
Intangible assets acquired by the enterprises shall be accounted for at cost.
Article 37
Intangible assets shall be amortized by equal installments over the beneficiary period from the time the enterprise starts deriving
beneficiary period from the intangible assets or, where there is no specified beneficiary period, over the estimated beneficiary
period.
Article 38
Other assets of enterprises with foreign investment include pre-operation expenses, exchange losses during the set-up period, deferred
investment losses and other deferred expenses to be amortized by installments, and shall be accounted for separately and separately
disclosed in the balance sheet.
Pre-operating expenses shall be accounted for based on cost incurred in relation to business registration fees, wages and salaries,
business trip expenses, staff training expenses, expenses incurred by the board of directors (or a joint management committee. The
same definition applies wherever reference is made to the board of directors.) and other expenses not included in the purchase or
construction of fixed assets or intangible assets.
Exchange losses during the set-up period shall be accounted for based on the amounts realized during the set-up period.
Deferred investment losses shall be accounted for based on the difference between the appraised value and the book value of the investments.
Deferred expenses shall be accounted for based on actual expenses incurred.
Article 39
Other fixed assets shall be amortized on the following basis:
Pre-operating expenses and exchange losses during the set-up period — by equal installments over a period of not less than 5 years
from the date the enterprise commences operation
Deferred investment losses — by equal installments over the investment period but not less than 10 years
Other deferred expenses — by equal installments over the estimated beneficiary period but not less than 10 years
Chapter VIII Current Liabilities, Long Term Liabilities and Other Liabilities
Article 40
Current liabilities of enterprises with foreign investment include short term borrowings, payables, deposits from customers (advance
deposits) and accrued expenses.
Short term borrowings, deposits from customers (advance deposits) and accrued expenses shall be accounted for separately. Payables
shall be accounted for separately where appropriate as bills payable, accounts payable, accrued payroll, tax payable, dividend payable
and other payables. Current liabilities denominated in multi-currencies shall be individually accounted for in their originating
currencies.
Staff and workers’ bonus and welfare fund and other funds, which are liabilities in nature, shall be accounted for as current liabilities.
Amounts payable after one year from the balance sheet date shall be separately disclosed under long term liabilities in the balance
sheet.
Article 41
Long term liabilities of enterprises with foreign investment include long term borrowings, redeemable bonds and amounts payable under
finance leases, and shall be accounted for separately and separately disclosed in the balance sheet.
Long term liabilities repayable within one year from the balance sheet date shall be separately disclosed under current liabilities
in the balance sheet.
Article 42
Redeemable bonds shall be accounted for based on the face value of the bonds issued. The difference between the proceeds of issue
and the face value of the bonds shall be accounted for as the premium or discount on issue and shall be accounted for separately
and separately disclosed as an addition to or a deduction from the redeemable bonds account in the balance sheet. Accrue
| Category |
SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES AND COASTAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ZONES |
Organ of Promulgation |
The State Council |
Status of Effect |
In Force |
| Date of Promulgation |
1992-08-22 |
Effective Date |
1992-08-22 |
|
|
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Official Reply of the State Council Concerning the Establishment of the Kunshan Economic and Technological Development Zone |
(August 22, 1992)
People’s Government of Jiangsu Province:
The Report on the Request for the Listing of the Kunshan Economic and
Technological Development Zone in the Catalogue of National Development Zones,
submitted by your Province, has been received. We hereby make an official
reply as follows:
The State Council has agreed to establish the Kunshan Economic and
Technological Development Zone, in which the policies, regarding levying the
income tax on enterprises with foreign investment of a production nature in
Economic and Technological Development Zones of open coastal cities at a
reduced rate of 15 percent, shall apply, but in which other policies in
Economic and Technological Development Zones of open coastal cities shall not
be cited as precedents.
The planned area of the Kunshan Economic and Technological Development
Zone is 10 square kilometers, of which a 5 square kilometers area is to be
developed at the first phase. Its detailed scope shall be verified by the
Special Economic Zones Office under the State Council in consultation with
other relevant departments.
| Category |
CIVIL AVIATION |
Organ of Promulgation |
The State Council |
Status of Effect |
In Force |
| Date of Promulgation |
1992-12-28 |
Effective Date |
1992-12-28 |
|
|
|
Provisions of the People’s Republic of China on Search and Rescue of Civil Aircraft |
Chapter I General Provisions
Chapter II Preparations for Search and Rescue
Chapter III Conduct of Search and Rescue
Chapter IV Penalty
Chapter V Supplementary Provisions
(Approved by the State Council on December 8, 1992 and promulgated by
Decree No. 29 of the Civil Aviation Administration of China on December 28,
1992)
Chapter I General Provisions
Article 1 These Provisions are formulated to meet the requirements for
timely and efficient search and rescue of civil aircraft in emergency, so as
to obviate or minimize the casualties of persons and loss of property.
Article 2 These Provisions are applicable to the search and rescue of all
civil aircraft in the territory of the People’s Republic of China, and on such
portion of the high seas where China shall undertake such search and rescue
operations as stipulated in the international treaties concluded or acceded to
by the People’s Republic of China.
Article 3 In addition to the application of these Provisions, the search
and rescue of civil aircraft on the sea shall comply with the other provisions
governing search and rescue on the sea prescribed by the State Council.
Article 4 The search and rescue of civil aircraft shall be conducted in
accordance with the following division of labour:
(1) The Civil Aviation Administration of China (hereinafter referred to as
CAAC) shall be responsible for the overall direction of the search and rescue
of civil aircraft in the country;
(2) The people’s governments of provinces, autonomous regions and
municipalities directly under the Central Government shall be responsible for
the search and rescue of civil aircraft on land within their respective
administrative areas, and CAAC regional administrations (hereinafter referred
to as CARA) shall assist in such operations;
(3) The national maritime search and rescue service shall be responsible
for the search and rescue of civil aircraft on the sea and the departments
concerned shall render support thereto.
Article 5 The CAAC Search and Rescue Coordination Centre and CARA search
and rescue coordination centres shall undertake to coordinate the search and
rescue of civil aircraft on and over the land.
Article 6 The Civil Aviation Search and Rescue Area of the People’s
Republic of China covers the territory of the People’s Republic of China and
such portion of the high seas where China shall undertake search and rescue
operations as stipulated in the international treaties concluded or acceded to
by the People’s Republic of China. The Civil Aviation Search and Rescue Area
shall be divided into several regional civil aviation search and rescue areas,
the delineation of which shall be published by CAAC.
Article 7 The civil aviation shall be the main force in search and rescue
missions when aircraft is used, and in cases where civil aviation is
inadequate in force, the armed forces shall dispatch aircraft in support of
such missions.
Article 8 In order to perform the urgent mission of the search and rescue
of civil aircraft, all localities, departments, units and personnel concerned
must take initiative in active coordination and fulfil the mission with all
efforts. Those units and individuals making outstanding achievements in search
and rescue operations shall be awarded by the organs at higher levels.
Chapter II Preparations for Search and Rescue
Article 9 Each CARA shall work out a programme for the search and rescue
of civil aircraft on and over the land by aircraft. The programme, after being
approved by CAAC, shall be submitted to the people’s governments of provinces,
autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government
for file.
Article 10 The maritime search and rescue services of coastal provinces,
autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government
shall work out a programme for the search and rescue of civil aircraft by
vessels and aircraft at sea. The programme, after being approved by the
national maritime search and rescue service, shall be submitted to the
people’s governments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities
directly under the Central Government and CAAC for file with copies to CARAs
concerned at the same time.
Article 11 The programme of search and rescue of civil aircraft shall
contain the following provisions:
(1) provisions concerning the units to conduct search and rescue
operations by aircraft and vessels, the types of aircraft and vessels, and the
preparedness for the operations;
(2) provisions concerning the airports to be used by aircraft and ports to
be used by vessels, the area for the search and rescue operations, and the
services in support of such operations;
(3) provisions concerning the coordination between the vessels and the
aircraft conducting the search and rescue operations on the sea;
(4) provisions concerning the request through consultation for local
garrison to dispatch aircraft or vessels to support the search and rescue
operation when the force of civil aviation conducting the operation is
inadequate.
Article 12 The CARAs and the maritime search and rescue services of
coastal provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the
Central Government shall organize periodical search and rescue exercises in
the light of approved programmes.
Article 13 The communications used in the search and rescue of civil
aircraft shall conform to the following provisions:
(1) The civil aviation air traffic control units and the aircraft
undertaking search and rescue mission shall be equipped with communication
facilities with aeronautical emergency frequency 121.5 MHz, and are to be
equipped, step by step, with communication facilities with aeronautical
emergency frequency 243 MHz;
(2) Aircraft undertaking search and rescue mission on the sea shall be
equipped with communication facilities with distress frequency 2,182 KHz;
(3) Some of the aircraft undertaking search and rescue mission shall be
equipped with homing devices so as to enable themselves to home in on the
emergency location beacon of aircraft in distress according to its
transmission signals, and in addition, with the facilities to communicate with
search and rescue vessels on modulation frequency 156.8 MHz.
Article 14 CARA search and rescue coordination centres shall establish
direct communication with the maritime search and rescue services of relevant
provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central
Government.
Article 15 The units conducting search and rescue mission shall be
responsible for preparing the survival supplies to be airdropped to personnel
in distress in accordance with the following stipulations:
(1) medical and first aid supplies_red;
(2) food and water_blue;
(3) protective clothing and blankets_yellow;
(4) other supplies_black;
(5) mixed supplies in the same container or package_mixed colours.
Instructions on the use of survival supplies shall be enclosed in each
container or package in Chinese, English and another optional language.
Chapter III Conduct of Search and Rescue
Article 16 Any unit or person having observed or listened in to the
emergency of a civil aircraft shall immediately notify and CARA search and
rescue coordination centre concerned;when the position of the civil aircraft
in emergency is found on land, the local government shall be notified at the
same time; when it is at sea, the local maritime search and rescue service
shall be notified at the same time.
Article 17 Upon receiving the information of a civil aircraft in
emergency, the CARA search and rescue coordination centre must make a
judgement immediately and take search and rescue measures in accordance with
the provisions of Article 19, Article 20 and Article 21, as appropriate, of
these Provisions, and report or notify thereon to the CAAC Search and Rescue
Coordination Centre and units concerned in time accordingly.
Article 18 The state of emergency of a civil aircraft referred to in
these Provisions is classified into the following three phases:
(1) Uncertainty phase refers to a situation where uncertainty exists as to
the safety of a civil aircraft, including such cases where:
(i) the air traffic control unit cannot establish communication with the
civil aircraft in prescribed time;
(ii) the civil aircraft does not land within prescribed time, and with no
other information available.
(2) Alert phase refers to a situation where apprehension exists as to the
safety of a civil aircraft, including such cases where:
(i) the air traffic control unit still cannot establish contact with a
civil aircraft in uncertainty phase;
(ii) the operating capability of the civil aircraft has been impaired, but
not yet to the extent that a forced landing is likely;
(iii) communication has not been reestablished with the civil aircraft
which has been cleared to land and the aircraft has failed to land within five
minutes of the estimated time of landing.
(3) Distress phase refers to a situation where there is a reasonable
certainty that a civil aircraft is threatened by grave and imminent danger and
consequently requires immediate rescue, including such cases where:
(i) it is difficult for the civil aircraft in alert phase to proceed
further according to calculation of fuel consumption;
(ii) the operating capability of the civil aircraft has been gravely
impaired to the extent that a forced landing is likely;
(iii) the civil aircraft has made a forced landing or has crashed.
Article 19 With regard to civil aircraft in uncertainty phase, the CARA
search and rescue coordination centre shall:
(1) determine the area to be searched in the light of specific conditions;
(2) notify to activate relevant facilities such as aeronautic stations,
radio navigation aids, direction finders and radars with a view to locating
the aircraft;
(3) establish contact with the civil aircraft as soon as possible and take
necessary measures.
Article 20 With regard to civil aircraft in alert phase, the CARA search
and rescue coordination centre shall:
(1) alert immediately the units concerned;
(2) require the aircraft and vessels undertaking the search and rescue
mission to be immediately on the alert;
(3) urge the checking of all electronic facilities, and continue to
establish contact with and search for the civil aircraft in uncertainty phase;
(4) organize the guidance of the civil aircraft to land at the nearest
airport in accordance with the extent of the impairment of its operating
capability and the opinion of the pilot-in-command;
(5) promptly find out, jointly with the airport where the civil aircraft
is to land, the situation of the aircraft which has been cleared to land but
failed to land within five minutes of the estimated time of landing, and take
necessary measures.
Article 21 With regard to civil aircraft in distress phase, the CARA
search and rescue coordination centre shall:
(1) notify immediately the units concerned that a civil aircraft is in
distress;
(2) estimate by analysis the possible distressed area of the civil
aircraft which has run out of fuel and the position of which is still unknown,
and notify search and rescue units to send people or dispatch aircraft and
vessels to conduct immediate search and rescue operations;
(3) notify the search and rescue units to dispatch aircraft to escort the
civil aircraft, the operating capability of which has been impaired so gravely
that a forced landing is likely, or dispatch people or aircraft and vessels to
the predetermined site of forced landing to conduct rescue operations;
(4) report immediately to the people’s governments of the relevant
provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central
Government when the position of the civil aircraft having made a forced
landing or having an accident is on land; when the position is at sea, notify
immediately the maritime search and rescue services of relevant coastal
provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central
Government.
Article 22 Upon receiving the report or notification of the forced
landing or accident of a civil aircraft, the people’s governments of the
relevant provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the
Central Government or the maritime search and rescue services of the relevant
coastal provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the
Central Government shall immediately organize the departments concerned and
the local garrison to conduct search and rescue operations, and designate a
personincharge at the scene of accident.
Article 23 The main duties of the person-in-charge at the scene of
accident are as follows:
(1) to organize the rescue of survivors;
(2) to take measures to deter the civil aircraft from bursting into fire
or to extinguish the fire;
(3) carefully to protect the scene of accident of the civil aircraft, the
scene that has to be disrupted for the rescue of personnel or fire fighting
shall be photographed or videotaped;
(4) carefully to protect the distressed civil aircraft and the property of
its occupants.
Article 24 Prior to the arrival of the designated person-in-charge at the
scene of accident, the competent person of the rescue unit that first arrives
at the scene shall act as provisional person-in-charge at the scene and
exercise the duties provided in Article 23 of these Provisions, and shall be
responsible to hand over the work to the person-in-charge at the scene after
the latter’s arrival.
Article 25 The CARA search and rescue coordination centre shall manage to
notify the crew of the civil aircraft in emergency of the rescue measures
already taken.
Article 26 Radio communication shall be used to establish contact among
the aircraft and vessels conducting search and rescue mission, survivors and
search and rescue teams. In case of non-availability of such equipment or the
failure of radio communication, international search and rescue signals as
stipulated in the Appendix to these Provisions shall be used for
communication.
Article 27 If the state of emergency of a civil aircraft no longer exists
or if the search and rescue operation may be terminated, the CARA search and
rescue coordination centre shall timely issue closure notification of the
state of emergency to units concerned in accordance with prescribed
procedures.
Chapter IV Penalty
Article 28 Whoever violates of these Provisions by one of the following
acts shall be subjected to administrative sanction by the unit where he
serves, or by a higher authority. Where the offence constitutes a crime, the
criminal responsibility shall be investigated according to law:
(1) Great losses have been incurred due to the failure to act actively and
to coordinate with each other in performing the search and rescue mission;
(2) Losses have been aggravated due to the failure to actively perform his
duties or to obey directions;
(3) Losses have been incurred due to neglect of duty, improper judgement
on the state of emergency of a civil aircraft, improper disposition of the
emergency or forfeit of chance.
Chapter V Supplementary Provisions
Article 29 The expenses incurred by aircraft conducting search and rescue
missions may be subsidized by the State. Detailed method of subsidy shall be
formulated by the department concerned in conjunction with the financial
department through consultation.
Article 30 CAAC shall be responsible for the interpretation of these
Provisions.
Article 31 These Provisions shall go into effect as of the date of
promulgation.
Regulations on Encouragement of Foreign Investment of Hunan Province
(Effective Date:1992.02.15–Ineffective Date:)
Article 1. With a view to improve investment environment, absorb more investment from foreign corporations, enterprises and other economic organizations
and individuals (hereinafter referred to as foreign investors) and promote the province’s economic development, these regulations
are formulated in accordance with relevant laws and administrative regulations and with reference to the concrete conditions of the
province.
Article 2. These regulations are to be put into effect by governments at the county level or higher.
The foreign economic relations and trade departments of governments at the county level or higher are in charge of the work of absorbing
foreign investment in areas under their jurisdiction. All departments concerned including those of planning, economic, taxation,
industrial and commerce administration, banks, foreign exchange control, customs, commodity inspections and insurance shall try their
best to help promote such a work within their assigned duties.
Article 3. Apart from State-formulated preferential treatments, foreign investors shall enjoy additional preferences in the province in accordance
with these regulations and their legal rights and interests shall be protected by Chinese law.
Foreign investors in the province shall abide by Chinese laws.
Article 4. Foreign investors may invest in all parts of the province.
Foreign investments are especially encouraged in:
economic and technical development zones and high and new technological development zones;
basic industries and infrastructure such as energy, communications and raw materials and development-oriented projects in agriculture,
forestry and animal husbandry in line with the national industrial policy;
export-oriented and technically advanced enterprises and technical renovations of existing productive firms.
Article 5. Foreign investors may take the following forms in their investment:
a. To establish fully foreign-funded enterprises;
b. To establish Sino-foreign joint-equity or Sino-foreign cooperative enterprises;
c. To engage in processing and assembling with customer’s materials and parts and compensatory trade; and
d. To engage in State-permitted land development, enterprise leasing operation and other forms.
Article 6. Foreign investors may contribute their respective investments in cash, kind, industrial property rights, proprietary technology and
other property rights.
Article 7. Formalities for foreign investment application shall be simplified and such application shall be examined and approved timely. The
authority and procedures for such examination and approval are to be defined by the provincial people’s government.
Article 8. Foreign-funded, Sino-foreign joint-equity and Sino-foreign cooperative enterprises (hereinafter referred to as foreign-funded enterprises)
which comply with Chinese regulations for legal person, upon approval by administrations of industry and commerce, shall obtain the
status of Chinese legal person.
Article 9. Foreign investors may appoint their relatives or friends in China as their agents.
Foreign investors may recommend that their relatives or friends in China be employed in the enterprises where they invest.
Article 10. Relevant departments shall preferentially arrange water and power supply, transport and telecommunications facilities needed by foreign-funded
enterprises for operation and charge them on a par with local State-owned enterprises. Fuel and raw materials which need to be supplied
by the Chinese partner will be preferentially provided by goods and materials departments.
Article 11. Chinese partner of Sino-foreign joint-equity and Sino-foreign cooperative enterprises may apply for bank loans to make up for the
deficiency between its pledged investment and self-raised funds.
Short-term circulating loans and other necessary credits needed by foreign-funded enterprises in the process of production and circulation,
upon approval banks, may be extended in priority.
Article 12. Machines, equipment, parts, vehicles for productive purposes and other goods and materials imported by foreign-funded enterprises
as investment are exempted from Customs duty and consolidated industrial and commercial tax in accordance with Chinese regulations.
Machinery, vehicles for productive purposes, raw materials, fuel, loose parts, parts, elements and components and supplementary parts
imported by foreign-funded enterprises to fulfill product export contracts are exempted from import licences, Customs duty and consolidated
industrial and commercial tax.
Apart from those controlled by the State, export products produced by foreign-funded enterprises are exempted from Customs duty and
consolidated industrial and commercial tax.
Article 13. Productive foreign-funded enterprises with operational terms of more than ten years are exempted from local taxes for ten years and
non-productive ones for five years.
Enterprises engaged in energy, transport infrastructure and raw materials and enterprises established in economic and technical development
zones and high and new technological development zones are exempted from local taxes.
Article 14. Export-oriented enterprises after the period of exemption of income tax in accordance with Chinese regulations, whose exports account
from more than 70% of the total output value in the year, may pay the enterprise income tax at half the going rate.
Technically advanced enterprises after the period of exemption of enterprise income tax in accordance with Chinese regulations may
enjoy reduction of half of their enterprise income tax in the ensuing three years.
Article 15. Foreign-funded enterprises which invest in agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry or in less-developed outlying districts, after
the period of exemption of enterprise income tax in accordance with Chinese regulations, upon approval by national taxation departments,
may continue to enjoy a 15%-30% tax reduction for another ten years.
Article 16. Foreign investors reinvest their profits made from the venture involving their investment to directly boost its registered capital
or start other enterprises for an operational term of no less than five years, upon application by the investors and approval by
the taxation departments, shall be returned 40% of the income tax payment on the amount reinvested. Those who reinvest in export-oriented
or technically advanced enterprises for an operational period of five years or more, upon application by the investors and approval
by taxation departments, shall be returned all income tax payment on the amount reinvested. Those who withdraw before the five years
term shall hand in the returned income tax.
Article 17. Vehicles needed to be imported by foreign investors into the province for operations of processing with customer’s raw materials
are exempted from import licences; machinery for compensatory trade is exempted from import tax.
Article 18. Export-oriented and technically advanced foreign-funded enterprises are exempted from land utility fees for five to ten years as
of the date of establishment and are charged at half the rates after the period of exemption.
Foreign-funded enterprises engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry are exempted from land utility fees for ten to fifteen years
as of the date of approval on use of the land; enterprises in forestry, for twenty to thirty years.
Article 19. Export-oriented and technically advanced foreign-funded enterprises, except for paying labor insurance premiums, welfare expenses
and subsidiary housing fund for Chinese workers, are exempted from payment of other State subsidies for Chinese workers.
Article 20. Foreign-funded enterprises which need to transfer forex into or out of the enterprises may do so through the provincial forex swapping
center. The forex transferred into the enterprises may be used to repay capital with interest, buy equipment and raw materials, remit
profits out of the country and pay the legitimate income of foreign staff.
Forex may be swapped among foreign-funded enterprises or between foreign-funded and Chinese enterprises under the supervision of forex
control departments.
Article 21. Products of foreign-funded enterprises as imports-substitutes to be sold in China may be paid in forex upon approval.
Sino-foreign joint-equity and Sino-foreign cooperative productive enterprises, upon approval, may purchase Chinese products for export
to balance their forex earnings and expenditures in the year in accordance with Chinese regulations.
Article 22. Foreign-funded enterprises have the right to work out their production and operational plans, collect and use funds, buy capital
goods and market their products within approval contracts.
Foreign-funded enterprises may, in accordance with the need of production and operations as well as with regulations of the State
and the provincial people’s government, independently determine the structure of offices and management, employment and dismissal
of staff, commendation and punishment, standards and forms of wages, bonuses and subsidies.
Article 23. Boards of directors or joint administrative organizations of foreign-funded enterprises exercise their authority in accordance with
law. Chinese staff on the boards of directors or joint administrative organizations of Sino-foreign joint ventures or foreign-funded
cooperative enterprises shall not be changed at will in their terms of office.
Article 24. Foreign-funded enterprises have the right to own, use, benefit from and dispose of the property of the enterprises in question in
accordance with law.
Article 25. Foreign investors may remit overseas the profits and other legal income from their investment in the province in accordance with
law.
Article 26. No organization shall be allowed to apportion expenses among foreign-funded enterprises or collect fees from them apart from taxes
and charges sanctioned by laws and regulations. Foreign-funded enterprises may refuse to pay charges outside of laws and regulations.
Article 27. Those (excluding government staff who engage in attracting foreign funds) who introduce foreign investors to the province with success
will be awarded a bonus proportionate to the amount of foreign investment. Detailed rules are to be formulated by the provincial
people’s government.
Article 28. Foreign investors or foreign-funded enterprises have the right to appeal to people’s governments and relevant departments against
acts that encroach on their legal rights and interests or take legal proceedings to people’s courts against such acts.
Article 29. For investments in the province by compatriots from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan and overseas Chinese, these regulations serve as
a reference, in addition to “Regulations on Encouraging Investment by Overseas Chinese and Hong Kong and Macao Compatriots” and “Regulations
on Encouraging Investment by Taiwan Compatriots” promulgated by the State Council.
Article 30. These regulations shall come into effect as of the date of promulgation.
These regulations shall apply where previous regulations of the province are not in accord with these regulations.
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